Hazen, R. M. i in., 2007- Functional Information and the Emergence of Biocomplexity

Rozdz. 1.3–1.4 dopasowanie wysokie „Functional information […] represents the probability that an arbitrary configuration of a system will achieve a specific function to a specified degree. I(Eₓ) = −log₂[F(Eₓ)].”

Rozdz. 1.4; pomocniczo 3.5 dopasowanie wysokie „Life, with its novel collective behaviors at the scale of molecules, genes, cells, and organisms, is the quintessential emergent complex system. Furthermore, the ancient transition from a geochemical world to a living planet may be modeled as a sequence of emergent events, each of which increased the chemical complexity of the prebiotic world.”

Rozdz. 1.3–1.4 dopasowanie wysokie „We propose to measure the complexity of a system in terms of functional information, the information required to encode a specific function.” FISZKI BADAWCZE | HAZEN I HELLER

Functions” Rozdz. 1.3–1.4 dopasowanie wysokie „All complex systems alter their environments in one or more ways, which we refer to as functions. […] Function is thus the essence of complex systems.”

Rozdz. 1.4–1.5 dopasowanie wysokie „Functional information is defined only in the context of a specific function x. […] Functional information therefore depends on both the system and on the specific function under consideration.”

Rozdz. 1.4–1.5 dopasowanie wysokie „Functional information […] is based on a statistical property of an entire system of numerous agent configurations […] with respect to a specific function. […] Any analysis […] requires a deep understanding of the system’s agents and their various interactions.” FISZKI BADAWCZE | HAZEN I HELLER

Rozdz. 1.5 dopasowanie wysokie „Rigorous analysis of the functional information of a system with respect to a specified function x requires knowledge of two attributes: (i) all possible configurations of the system […] and (ii) the degree of function x for every configuration.”

Information of Avida Populations” Rozdz. 1.4–1.5 dopasowanie polemiczne „The digital organisms that populate the virtual world of Avida are “computer programs that self-replicate, mutate, and adapt by natural selection” and as such share many (although not all) of the attributes ascribed to biological life.”

Rozdz. 1.4–1.5 dopasowanie polemiczne „The in vitro evolution of RNA aptamers […] provides a dramatic illustration of the evolution and selection of systems with high functional complexity. […] Each cycle yields a more restricted RNA population with improved binding specificity.”

Rozdz. 1.4 dopasowanie wysokie „A 10-fold increase in GTP binding strength requires ≈10 additional bits of information (i.e., a 1,000-fold decrease in abundance in a population of random sequences).”

Rozdz. 1.4–1.5 dopasowanie wysokie „Functional sequences constitute a tiny minority of the Avida genome space. […] This type of random sampling is not possible with living organisms because the portion of genome space explored in an evolution experiment will be constrained by the topology of the underlying fitness landscape and the particular configuration of the environment maxima.”

Rozdz. 1.4–1.5 dopasowanie wysokie „In all three cases, highly functional configurations comprise only a small fraction of all possible sequences. […] Functional information quantifies the probability that, for a particular system, a configuration with a specified degree of function will emerge.”